WELCOME 2 TAIWAN!
Lying to the South of Japan and Okinawa, North to The Philippines, and southeast to mainland Asia, Taiwan’s total land area is only about 36,000 square kilometres. Many airlines fly to the tobacco-leafed shape country, making it the convenient travel destination. Taiwan’s climate is of many types: tropical, sub-tropical and temperate; one is also able to experience the different seasons distinctively. 20 percent of the 18400 species of wildlife on the island belong to rare or endangered species. Among these are Sakura salmon, Taiwan mountain goat, Formosan monkey, Formosan black bear, blue magpie, royal pheasant, Hsuehshan’s grass lizard and many more. The cultural aspects are also not to be missed. The blending of Hakka, Taiwanese and mainland cultures has produced a rich plethora of cultural and social colours. Whether it is religion, architecture, language, living habits or Taiwan food culture, it is just one big exciting melting pot. Food is the best representative of this cultural mixing and matching. Aside from cuisines from different parts of the mainland such as Zhejiang, Hunan, Guandong, Yunnan, Shanghai, Beijing and others, there is also the local Taiwanese cuisine as well as the local delicacies of each area.
Culture and Traditions!
The people
Taiwan’s population is mostly Han Chinese who was born on the mainland or have ancestors that were. They are divided into three groups based on the dialect of Chinese they speak: Taiwanese, Hakka and Mandarin. Taiwan also has a small population of aborigines who comprise about two percent of the total population.
Most people in Taiwan have traditional values based on Confucian ethics; however, pressures from industrialisation are now challenging these values. Still, some traditional values remain strong, including filial piety, ancestor worship, strong emphasis on education and work and the importance of pride. Since industrialisation, women enjoy greater freedom and a higher social status, individual creativity is regarded as equally important as social conformity and acquiring material goods and recognition is increasingly important.
Some tensions exist between social groups. The majority of the people in Taiwan came from or have ancestors who came from mainland China before 1949. They are known as Taiwanese and enjoy the highest standard of living in Taiwan. Because of their wealth and numbers, they have the greatest influence on economic and political issues.
Mainlanders are people who arrived in Taiwan after mainland China fell into the Communists in 1949. Many Mainlanders work for the government. Tensions between Taiwanese and Mainlanders have eased substantially. The aborigines, who live mainly in rural villages, are the least privileged social group in Taiwan. They are also considered the indigenous people of Taiwan. I would elaborate on them in the later part of the post.
Confucianism
The teachings of Confucius describe the position of the individual in society. Confucianism is a system of behaviours and ethics that stress the obligations of people towards one another based upon their relationship. The basic tenets are based upon five different relationships:
- 1. Ruler and subject
- 2. Husband and wife
- 3. Parents and children
- 4. Brothers and sisters
- 5. Friend and friend
Confucianism stresses duty, loyalty, honour, filial piety, respect for age and seniority and sincerity.
Harmony/group relations
Due to the Confucian tenets Taiwanese culture is a collective one. There is a need to belong to a group larger than themselves, be it their family, work group or country. They treat people with respect and dignity regardless of their personal feelings. In order to maintain a sense of harmony, they will act with decorum at all times and not do anything to cause someone else public embarrassment. They are willing to subjugate their own feelings for the good of the group.
The concept of “face” (Pride)
The concept of face is extremely important to the Taiwanese. Face is difficult to translate into words but essential reflects a person’s reputation, dignity and prestige. Face can be lost, saved or given to another person. Companies, as well as individuals, have face and this often provides the rationale behind business and personal interactions.
Connections and relationships are very crucial in Taiwan especially when doing business. Most Taiwanese business is conducted among friends, friends of friends and family. Such connections are developed with people at your own level or of a higher status in both businesses and social situations. Relationships open doors, smoothes out problems and leads to even more connections.
Music and dance!
Taiwan treasures a rich tradition of performing arts of which Taiwanese dance and music are acclaimed all across the globe. Taiwanese has a seat of traditional Chinese music. Since the region houses a number of language groups, each language has its own collections of songs, most of which are variations on the pentatonic scale. Instruments usually used in Chinese music are simple wind or string instruments such as flutes, fiddles and small drums. Also, Taiwan has a distinct style of dance. Traditional Taiwanese dance is a delicate form comprising mainly of foot movements. The original dance form was altered in the 20th century and Taiwan today stages many excellent performances of modern dance.
Indigenous groups!
Overview
Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric human habitation in Taiwan dating back 12000 to 15000 years, but it is uncertain who these early inhabitants were or whether they came by land bridge from what are now south-eastern regions of mainland China or by boat from other Pacific islands or both. The people of Taiwan are divided into two major ethnic groups: Austronesian people whose ancestors have inhabited the island for millennia; and Han groups whose ancestors first started from the Chinese mainland in the 1600s.
Speakers of languages belonging to the Austronesian linguistic family, who number over 200 million, inhabit a vast area of the globe stretching from Madagascar in the west to Easter Island in the east and Taiwan in the north to New Zealand in the South. Some scholars have suggested that, in view of the wide variety of different indigenous languages in Taiwan, the island may be the place from which the Austronesian people began a diaspora 6000 years ago.
Customs of indigenous people in Taiwan- including building elevated houses, using bamboo and rattan in weaving, adorning themselves with tattoos, and chewing betel nut- are also practiced by many other Austronesian groups.
Today, Han people- mostly descendants of Holo and Hakka migrants from the mainland’s south-eastern provinces- make up around 98 percent of Taiwan’s population. Thanks to centuries of years of intermarriage between them and indigenous people, however, many Taiwanese who consider themselves Hans also have indigenous ancestors. Relatively pure-blooded indigenous Austronesian people, comprising roughly two percent of the population, or nearly 500000 belong to the 14 officially acknowledged groups.
Amis
Numbering more than 178000 and residing mainly in eastern valleys and coastal areas, the Amis is the largest of Taiwan’s indigenous groups. The vibrant singing and dancing celebrations of the Ilisin harvest festival, held during the summer months, are well known.
The Amis are variously classified as belonging to the Nanshi, Xuiguluan, Coastal, Taitung or Hengchun tribe depending on geographic location. These subgroups have somewhat different dialects, customs and styles of dress. They all have a matrilineal clan structure and system of inheritance.
Atayal
There are more than 81000 Atayal scattered throughout the northern part of central Taiwan’s mountainous region, who observe a code of conduct and beliefs called the gaga ancestral instruction system. Traditionally, facial tattooing was a key part of coming-of-age ceremonies. The Atayal are renowned for their weaving of colourful, intricately patterned fabrics, and a woman’s skills in this area can determine her social status. Male members of the Atayal inherit their father’s first name as their last name.
Bunun
The Bunun, numbering around 50000, live in the central and south-eastern mountainous regions of Taiwan, where they practice shifting cultivation and hunting, In addition to the harvest-time “millet ceremony”, major Bunun ceremonies include the “ear-shooting ceremony”, a ritual in which arrows are shot at animals’ ears in the belief that this will ensure success in hunting. The Bunun are also particularly noted for their pasibutbut polyharmonic choral singing of prayers.
Kavalan
Based in Taiwan’s eastern counties, the Kavalan number aound 1200. They are one of the region’s original pingpu groups, most of which have assimilated with Hans who migrated to the plains in Hualien and Taitung counties. Traditional Kavalan ceremonies have also been influenced by the Amis, who lives near the Kavalan. The group’s distinctive language, myths and shamanist practices remain despite this cultural confluence. Clan chiefs- who can be women or men- are chosen by election.
Paiwan
Totalling around 86000, the Paiwan group can be divided into the Ravar and the Butsul tribes. Inhabiting the southern central mountain range, Hengchun Peninsula and south-eastern coastal region, they are known for their glazed beads, skills in carving wood and stone, and use of hundred-pace snake totems as decorative motifs. In bygone times, Paiwan society was organised in three classes- nobility, warriors and commoners. Commoners tilled the land and could be elevated to the warrior class, while the nobility were free to engage in leisurely activities such as sculpture. Once every five years, the Maleveq ceremony is held, it is believed ancestral spirits descend from Dawu Mountain to commune with their descendants.
Pinuyumayan
The 11400 Pinuyumayan are concentrated in Taitung County. Two subgroups with differing dialects and customs- the Zhiben and the Nanwang- can be distinguished. In premodern times, Pinuyumayan men were known for their martial skill and valor. Traditional shamanistic religious practices survive among the Pinuyumayan, A major role of the shaman is to interpret omens.
Rukai
The 11700 Rukai are distributed across Pingtung, Kaohsiung, and Taitung countries. Traditionally, they had a hierarchy of nobility and commoners with the lily symbolic of nobility. Only highly regarded commoners recognized as spiritually pure or brave has the honour of adorning themselves with lilies. As part of a harvest ceremony held in August, Rukai men bake millet dough on heated stone slabs and divine the harvest in the coming year based on the appearance of the millet cakes.
Saisiyat
The Saisiyat, with a population of about 5700 are best known for their Pastaai ceremony, conducted to commemorate the spirits of a short-statured, darker-skinned people who were the earliest inhabitants of Taiwan and passed on many of their skills to the Saisiyat. Legend has it that because men among the Short People sexually harassed Saisiyat women, the jealous Saisiyat killed all of them virtually. To propitiate the spirits of the Short People, ritual chanting and dancing are performed four nights in a row biennially in communities in north-western Taiwan’s Miaoli and Hsinchu counties.
Sakizaya
The Sakizaya, with a population of around 350, live mainly in Hualien County. Because they have long interacted closely with the Amis, their customs and attire have become essentially identical to those of the Amis and intermarriage between the two groups is common. They nevertheless have been able to preserve their unique language. The Sakizaya people’s fusion with the Amis is said to have come about when the Sakizaya fled their coastal plain homeland and sought refuge in the mountains after losing a battle against Ching troops. Only be disguising themselves as Amis could they avoid being annihilated.
Sediq
Numbering between 6000 and 7000, the Sediq are closely related to the Atayal in terms of language customs, and religious observances. As with the Atayal, they are famous for the intricacy of their weaving and embroidery, traditionally using ramie fiber, with a preference for traditional star-like and other geometric patterns against a white background. In previous times, Sediq communities observed a Waya code of conduct, which included rules for every aspect of life, including family affairs, agriculture, hunting, religious ceremonies and social interactions.
Thao
The Thao have a population of some 600-plus. Once residing on Lalu Island in the middle of Sun Moon Lake, they later moved to the lake’s edge and practiced “floating island” farming, whereby crops are planted on soil-bearing bamboo rafts on the lake. The Thao’s language and culture has been strongly influenced by their Atayal and Bunun neighbours.
Truku
The Truku, with a population of about 25000, live on the eastern coast in the Hualien County area and the mountainous region of Nantou County. Hualien County’s famous Taroko Gorge is named after the Truku. They are closely related to the Atayal and Sediq in terms of language and customs. As in these two groups, Truku women in earlier times sported facial tattoos. And like their Sediq cousins, the Truku have traditionally favoured white clothing with embroidered trim.
Tsou
The Tsou, who number about 6600 and once lived around Jade Mountain, are divided into northern and southern subgroups with variations in dialect and customs. Special cultural features include the Homeyaya harvest ceremony and a taboo against hunting bears. In earlier days, Tsou men were reputed for their warrior spirit. Traditionally, the southern Tsou believe that their ancestral spirits reside in special mother-of-pearl beads. The beads are stored by shamans away from public view and are taken out only when conducting religious ceremonies.
Yami
The nearly 3500 Yami people live on Orchid Island off Taiwan’s south-eastern coast. They have developed a culture based on fishing at sea- unique among the indigenous people of Taiwan. The launch of a newly built boat with decorative carvings is accompanied by a major celebration to bless the boat. A focus of Yami culture is the flying fish, which migrates annually through the waters off eastern Taiwan, and which the Yami depend upon for survival. Religious ceremonies are conducted during which prayers are intoned for an abundance of flying fish. Other traditional staple foods are taro and sweet potatoes. Traditionally, the Yami live in houses of stone and wood built on “shelves” cut out of stony hillsides, a practice that helps maintain coolness in summer and retain warmth in winter. They are genetically similar to, and share cultural and linguistic features with the inhabitants of the Philippines’ Batan Islands. A women’s hair-swinging dance is unique to the Yami people. Despite a high degree of assimilation of the indigenous people by the dominant Han culture their languages and traditions have become increasingly appreciated as the common cultural heritage of all Taiwanese and an important ingredient of what gives Taiwan its unique identity. Reflecting this growing appreciation, the government of the Republic of China has been allocating increasing funding for assistance to indigenous communities and programs for cultural preservation and development.
Languages!
Overview
The languages and dialects spoken in Taiwan have their origins in the Austronesian and Han lingual systems. The Austronesian languages are spoken by the Taiwan’s indigenous peoples while most common Han dialects- Minnanese and Hakka- are primarily used by those whose ancestors immigrated from China’s Fujian and Guangdong provinces, respectively, four centuries ago. In 1949m after the Republic of China government relocated to Taiwan, Mandarin became the common language used for communication. In 1987, as emphasis on native languages began to grow, a movement was initiated to teach students their mother tongue so as to preserve the languages and dialects of ethnic groups. The Ministry of Education is currently drafting a language equality law aimed at preserving the 14 major languages and dialects used in Taiwan.
Language education
Since the Mandarin Phonetic Symbols system was promulgated in MOE in November 1918, all primary school students have been required to learn the phonetic alphabet in the first grade. Although Mandarin is still the primary language used in schools, government and most business offices, various county and city governments have initiated elective courses on local language in elementary and junior high schools according to ethnic demographics since 1990. In September 2001, based on revised guidelines and amended curriculum standards passed by the MOE, primary school students began to be required to take at least one course on a local language such as Minnanese, Hakka or an Indigenous tongue.
The local language
For many years, local languages such as Taiwanese, Hakka and the indigenous languages were repressed in Taiwan to ensure that everyone mastered Mandarin. In recent years, Taiwanese has entered mainstream popular culture. Hakka is being spoken less and less by the younger generations who favour either Mandarin or Taiwanese. Thus, the council for Hakka Affairs was formally established on June 14, 2001 with its top priority being the preservation and revitalization of Hakka language and culture. Most indigenous people are bilingual and successful members of mainstream society. However, although more indigenous people today are willing to identify with their heritage, the younger generations who grew up in cities often can no longer converse in their ancestral tongue. To help rectify this matter, in June 2001, the Taipei City Government’s Indigenous People’s Commission co-sponsored two radio programs to introduce the languages, cultures and activities of the indigenous people to Taiwan. In addition, these programs began broadcasting the latest policies and welfare packages available to indigenous peoples residing in Taipei. In June 2001, the CAA adopted New Zealand’s Kohanga Reo program for the Maoris and implemented the Scheme of Aboriginal Language Networks in its 12 districts to provide total immersion education. Nonetheless, only those indigenous students recognized by the Aborigine Identification Law who obtain a Certificate of Aboriginal Language Proficiency can apply for a 25 percent increase in school entrance examination scores beginning in 2005.
Educational system!
Overview
Compulsory education
As mandated by the Compulsory Education Law of 1982 and its implementation guidelines of 1984, the basic structure of the educational system in Taiwan is based on a nine-year compulsory education program originally formulated in 1968 that is now referred to as the “Nine-year Education Program”. In order to emphasize its comprehensive scope, the former elementary and junior high school programs have become relegated to “stage” status in the national program. The consequence of this change has been that many customary terms relate to this all-important compulsory education period are now used interchangeably or as is the case with terms like elementary and primary education have fallen into obsolescence. The term basic education has come into usage, with restricted reference only to the kindergarten and elementary portions of Taiwan’s educational program. This overlap of terminology is further complicated by fundamental cultural differences in conceptualization. Pre-primary or kindergarten education in Taiwan, which serves children the age of four to six, is not compulsory. Also, education at the three-year senior secondary level is also optional so long as the student pass an entrance examination before entering either an academic or vocational track. University attendance requires both senior high graduation and the successful completion of an entrance examination. While the typical undergraduate study program lasts the standard four years, students may be required to commit to five to seven years of study before obtaining degrees from the departments of law, medicine, and dentistry. Thus, it is not uncommon for students in Taiwan to have already completed as much as 21 years of schooling before commencing graduate study. Supplementary schools for non-traditional students and special schools for the disabled complete the educational system as it currently exists in Taiwan. The successful codification of Taiwan’s compulsory education initiatives is supported by noteworthy statistical results. Figures on educational attainment for 1995 indicate that only 9.1 percent of the age 25 and over population has no formal schooling. Additionally, 6.9 percent have a less-than-complete primary education and 23.9 percent received only a primary education. Statistics at the secondary level are less impressive as 26 percent of the population has an incomplete secondary education while 20.5 percent have one. As for optional education levels, 8.2 percent have completed some college and 5.4 percent have completed an undergraduate education or higher. Moreover, literacy figures are just as impressive as the 1995 statistics regarding compulsory education. In 1995, those in the population age 15 and above deemed to be literate stood at 93.7 percent.
In 1999, it was found that 92% of those who completed the standard nine-year compulsory education chose to pursue higher studies. Also, in 1999, the exceedingly powerful MOE announced that the illiteracy rate was a mere 5.09 percent. Nonetheless, the MOE allocated the equivalent of US$9.18 million to a program aimed at reducing the illiteracy rate to less than two percent within the next five years. Finally, no statistics better indicate the effectiveness of the Taiwanese compulsory model of education than the percentage of enrolled students in the targeted age groups.
Academic year
Although it is punctuated with important holidays, the academic year for all students is essentially the same as the calendar year. Classes begin on August 1 and end on July 31 of the following year. The academic year consists of two semesters.
Language of instruction
Mandarin Chinese remains the principal language of instruction in Taiwan’s schools. Instruction in Mandarin remains an educational policy norm. However, recent national conversations concerning indigenous populations, multilingualism and multiculturalism indicate that an increasing percentage of the population embraces dual Chinese-Taiwanese identity. Shifts such as this have undermined the former Mandarin-only policy as exclusionary. Today, for the present, the tacit instructional norm at the elementary level and certainly beyond it remains Mandarin.
Instructional technology
With respect to technology, Taiwan’s entire educational system has directly benefited from the nation’s hugely successful economy, which specialises in information tecnolog manufacturing. In fact, Taiwan has emerged as a world leader in the manufacturing of high-technology products. In 2000, sales of personal computers and related monitors, keyboards, scanners, mice and power supply systems. Therefore, it is not surprising that Taiwan’s educational system is also one of the world’s most advanced in terms of information technology infrastructure and computer literacy.
Curriculum-development
The MOE is empowered to set curriculum standards at all educational levels. First, the MOE commissions experts in a given field to act as an ad hoc advisory committee. That group examines the issues and submits its curriculum recommendations, after which any and all changes must be generated by the ministry itself. One indication to which the MOE is a direct extension of vested government interest in the educational process is the significance it places on the promotion of scientific and technical studies, often at the expense of the humanities. This emphasis on scientific, engineering, and mathematical studies clearly indicates that conviction that the interests of the nation should take precedence over the desires of individual students. But national and cultural loyalty is also an important aspect of Taiwan’s educational curriculum at every level and as a result, textbooks for moral education are also either designed or authorized by the MOE. Most textbooks and curriculum materials used throughout Taiwan are produced and distributed by the National Institute of Compilation and Translation, based on MOE guidelines.
An important staple of Taiwan’s educational system is a unique type of civic and moral education. Since it was first proposed, civic and moral education has become the fixture of the educational system that has undergone the least change. Although many of its attendant activities are non-formal, civic and moral education is taught by accredited teachers through an established battery of formal courses. “Life and Ethics” is the first course in the compulsory curriculum followed by “Civics and Morality”. The goal of civic and moral education is to develop a citizenry that wholly subscribes to a set of principles for ethical living based on the teaching of Confucius as mentioned earlier.
Foreign influences on educational system
From its inception as a modern entity under the stewardship of Japan, Taiwan’s educational system has conducted extensive academic exchanges with foreign institutions. Since 1945, the United States has overwhelmingly been the favourite destination of Taiwanese exchange students. The MOE’s Bureau of International Cultural and Education Relations attributes this decline directly to a combination of more students opting to pursue graduate studies in Taiwan and the growing popularity of studying in nations other than the United States.
Leisure programs!
Festivals
Traditionally, Chinese society has always used a lunar calendar. The biggest holidays celebrate the changing of the seasons, revealing China’s ancient agrarian roots. Because most festivals are timed by the traditional calendar, the dates that they fall on according to the Western calendar, varies from year to year. Some holidays, however, have come to be associated with the Western calendar and occur on the same predictable date. Not all holidays are of high interest too non-Taiwanese.
Taiwan has many festivals that are celebrated throughout the year. The most common ones are Chinese New Year, Lantern Festival, Earth God Day, Tomb Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Ghost Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Double Ninth Day.
Performing arts
Taiwan is developing a nice blend of performing arts. While traditional Chinese and Taiwanese music and opera continue to thrive, work in Western forms and contemporary styles is at an all time high. The National Concert Hall and National Theater, the twin institutions that stand prominently opposite each other at the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall, host a busy calendar of classical music, opera and theatre performances of an international calibre. One of the most rewarding cultural excursions in Taiwan is traditional Chinese Opera. Although this art may be difficult for the uninitiated to appreciate, its enchanting librettos, unique and arresting musical forms and resplendent visual presentation are an essential part of redefined Chinese culture.
Why is Taiwan famous?
Food!
Taiwan is the place that can satisfy all one’s needs. Countries from all corners of the world are represented there ranging from international dishes to traditional Chinese delicacies and authentic Taiwanese snacks. To the Taiwanese, eating is an art and a cultural expression. Because of Taiwan’s specific historical background, its food culture has become extremely diverse. Not only are Chinese dishes enhanced, the finest food from around the world converges. Chinese cuisine goes back to ancient times and achieved its present level through the accumulation of thousands of years of practical knowledge of and experience in cookery. Emphasis is placed on the perfect combination of colour, aroma, flavour and shape, through which the most common ingredients are transformed into culinary tours de force. Chinese cuisine has therefore become renowned and continues to attract people. In Taiwan, cooking techniques from all areas of China have merged and the Taiwanese do not only master the traditional local Chinese specialities, but also continuously use traditional techniques to develop new culinary treats.
Disneyization
Theming
I would be using the example of Taiwan Leofoo Village Theme Park to explain on the Disneyization of Theming. The theme park consists of three different roller coasters including an inverted shuttle coaster known as “The Screaming Condor”, “Sahara Twist” and “Little Rattler”. There is also a zoo in the park. The theme park is divided into separately themed areas, and this is a sign of Disneyization because Taiwan Leofoo Village Theme Park adopted the idea of Theming their theme parks into separate areas. Similarly for the zoo too, there are different names to different areas of the zoo and the names of the area usually mirror the theme of the park.
Dedifferentiation of consumption
Miramar shopping centre in Taipei beautifully portrays the hybrid consumption of Disney’s theme parks. This is because there is a 70-foot tall Ferris wheel built on the shopping centre itself. Disney’s theme park has a tendency to combine both shopping and excitement together as one. Therefore, adopting the idea of combining the both, Miramar Shopping Centre Taipei has the same concept for their shopping centre.
Service staffs are always told to smile more by their employers even though this may not be what they yearn for. For example, the mascots in Disneyland may seem happy and cheerful whenever they are “on-show”. However, this may not be the true reflection of what they really feel. They may be having a bad day but still have to portray a professional image of being a service staff. This is almost similar to the indigenous tribes’ plight. In the video, a celebrity was promoting Taiwan through her own identity as an indigenous person with other indigenous people. They were all smiling throughout the video. Take a few moments to think about this, is this what they really feel? Are they really that happy or are they asked to smile by the director of the clip? Therefore, it, too, showcase the “Disney” in the modern society.
Conclusion
Changes made to the country because of tourism
There had certainly been changes made to the country because of the growth in tourism. For example, food had been changed to cater to the needs of the tourists and has loses its original tastes. Also, traditional dance performances would also be altered and fine-tuned to entice the tourists to go. This has thus causes Taiwan to lose its sense of culture because traditions have to be commodified to meet the expectations of the tourists. However, on a positive note, tourism development also helps to create greater awareness of the destination to the outside world.
Impacts on tourism development also affect the society. Having tourists coming into the country may bring in economical benefits because they would have to spend money on accommodation, food and beverages and maybe some other souvenirs that they would bring back for their friends and families. Therefore, creating spin-offs to other trades, and bringing economical benefits to the society. It also promotes the country making it known to other people.
To sum everything up, I feel that tourism has been a culprit in commodifying cultures and traditions because it has caused the indigenous people to lose part of their cultures. However, tourism helps to boost the economy, bringing in economical benefits. Therefore, I think that there are two sides to a coin and before we make any conclusion about which is good and which is bad, we have to look at both sides.
References:
http://www.marimari.com/content/taiwan/events_festivals/events.html
http://eng.taiwan.net.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0002021
http://www.canyons.edu/Faculty/haugent/Disneyization%20of%20Society%20Article.pdf
http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/culture/indigenous/
http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/taiwan.html
http://www.travelchinatour.com/taiwan-travel/taiwan-theme-parks.html
http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/2-visitor/quicklook/7_cultural/cultural2.html
http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/2-visitor/quicklook/7_cultural/cultural1.html
http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/taiwan/pro-languages.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPwrqOUOyQQ&feature=related
http://www.asiarooms.com/en/travel-guide/taiwan/culture-of-taiwan/music-and-dance-in-taiwan.html
No comments:
Post a Comment